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 Confucius defined humanity in the following ways:
-A. To love people, especially one's parents.
+  * A. To love people, especially one's parents.
-B. Not asking others to do what you would rather not do.
+  * B. Not asking others to do what you would rather not do.
-C. To behave automatically((added word in accordance with pg 27 of the condensed encyclopedia))with the nature of propriety by promoting moral sense((updated text per pg 27 of the condensed encyclopedia, original text read: controlling on oneself)).
+  * C. To behave automatically((added word in accordance with pg 27 of the condensed encyclopedia))with the nature of propriety by promoting moral sense((updated text per pg 27 of the condensed encyclopedia, original text read: controlling on oneself)).
-D. To have unbending desire to accomplish what is right regardless of how insignificant the result may initially seem when compared to the amount of effort put forth.
+  * D. To have unbending desire to accomplish what is right regardless of how insignificant the result may initially seem when compared to the amount of effort put forth.
-E, To value others' honour before your own.
+  * E, To value others' honour before your own.
-F. To put others' freedom before your own.
+  * F. To put others' freedom before your own.
 To implement humanity he said one should:
-) Practice utmost prudence, modesty and discretion in everyday life.
+  * 1) Practice utmost prudence, modesty and discretion in everyday life.
-) Devote oneself to assigned work be it large or small.
+  * 2) Devote oneself to assigned work be it large or small.
-) Demonstrate sincerity with whole heartedness to others at all times.
+  * 3) Demonstrate sincerity with whole heartedness to others at all times.
 Tae Kong Mang (12th century B.C.) said;
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 {{ :volume01:v0100049-02.jpg?nolink|}}
-{{:volume01:v0100050.jpg?nolink |}}
 ==2. RIGHTEOUSNESS (UI)==
@@ Line 95: / Line 94: @@
 ==3. PROPRIETY (YE)==
-Unlike animals fighting over food, a courteous man would offer another
+Unlike animals fighting over food, a courteous man would offer another man a piece of bread even though both were starving, out of respect and good manners.
-man a piece of bread even though both were starving, out of respect and good
-manners.
+Confucius said, "Propriety must be practised for the proper development of personality, and whoever lacks sincerity in his words, cannot be considered a gentleman."
-Confucius said, “propriety must be practised for the proper development
-of personality, and whoever lacks sincerity in his words, cannot be considered
-a gentleman.”
+He also said
+  * "Honesty without courtesy can be rather ruthless."((adjusted text per pg 29 of the condensed encyclopedia, original text read: "Frankness without courtesy can be rather ruthless."))
+  * "Respectfulness without courtesy can make the recipient rather uncomfortable."
+  * "Courageousness without courtesy can be rather violent."
+  * ((Added the following lines to "Propriety" per pg 29 of the condensed encyclopedia.))"Prudence without courtesy can be rather cowardish."
+Ye is a term describing proper code of conduct between various social status, for example: superior and inferior, noble and common, old and young, rich and poor, etc.
+==4, WISDOM (JI)==
+The ability to judge right from wrong, not especially in matters concerning the right and wrong of others but in matters concerning oneself.
+A wise man (Yu Bee) once said to his sons, "no matter how small it is you should not do what you realize is wrong. On the other hand you must do what is right no matter how small it may seem."
+==5. TRUST (SHIN)==
+The ability to keep one's words and promises, not only to one's friends but to everyone in general. Without trust a person loses all principles and dignities and becomes a liar and a cheater.
+|  II  |
+How, then, can man discover his own human nature?
+There are two ways by which a person can find himself: first, by preserving the goodness given to him by God or heaven at birth, and secondly by renouncing greed for material things.
+==A. Man may occupy two positions in a life time==
+Basically there are two kinds of position; one is the five virtues given by heaven, explained earlier, and the other given by man, such as a cabinet minister, bureau chief, and so on.
+Unfortunately man often relies too much on worldly position which is transient at best, for what man gives can also be taken away. On the other hand, what heaven endows us with is eternal. This is not to say that we reject all
+worldly things but rather that we keep both positions in proper balance so that the virtues of the former position provides guidance for the proper use of the latter.
+In this manner a man will gain respect and set good examples for others to follow. Without proper guidance, a person can easily fall victim to the temptations of personal power and wealth, employing unethical means to further his ambitions. Ultimately such a person will become a tyrant, or a dictator and an enemy of the people.
+According to Confucius, a generous and loving man cannot have enemies. Therefore, humanity, the first virtue, is like a strong secure fortress.
+{{ :volume01:v0100052.jpg?nolink |Generous person has no enemy}}
+==B. Greed is insatiable==
+He who is content with what he has is the richest man in the world. On the other hand, if one has everything and still more, he may yet be poor. A man who is blinded by greed is not only given to corruption, intrigue and exploitation of others, but worst of all, he casts himself in the position of "friend fighting against friend, father fighting against son," finally becoming no better than an animal.
+There is certain truth in the old saying that a truly good person cannot be rich, and rich person cannot be a truly good person.
+According to an ancient adage, "constant material dissatisfaction is considered to be the root of all misfortunes." There is no better way to self satisfaction and human growth than the constant development of a generous nature.
+==C. Be humble==
+{{ :volume01:v0100053.jpg?nolink|Lofty virtue is like a deep valley.}}
+A weed holds up its head in arrogance while a mature grain bows its head in humility. Lao-Tzu taught that lofty virtue is like a deep valley into which all streams of water flow. A virtuous man will draw the respect of others toward him in the same fashion while one who is selfish and egoistic will loose the respect of his fellow man
+and become despised and isolated.
+To be humble is not to engage in petty squabbles, but to be like the magnamous river in the low valley which irrigates the farm fields around it.
+==D. Self-criticism==
+No one is wise from the moment of birth. As human beings we have many faults and are prone to make mistakes. However, once having acquired knowledge we learn to correct these shortcomings.
+It would not be impossible to eventually become((corrected typo per pg 30 of the condensed encyclopedia, original text read: became)) perfect human beings. For this purpose, it is essential not be idyllic towards learning and
+continue to be willing to criticize oneself.
+It is said that Confucius and his pupils practised self-criticism by repeating the following three times daily:
+  - Have I neglected others' requests because of selfishness
+  - Have I behaved with a sincere attitude towards friends
+  - Have I inspired others with certainty, while being uncertain myself
+  - Have I neglected to practise virtue
+  - Have I errored in my studies
+  - Have I avoided acting with righteousness
+  - Have I corrected myself immediately upon realising my fault
+==E. Be soft==
+Because light is formless and soft, it can illuminate and give warmth to even hidden corners. As water can assume any shape or form, it can better serve the living things that need it to survive. Once water becomes a part of the
+Ocean, even the largest ship is like a mere leaf, and its awesome fury when aroused can conquer the tallest mountain.
+If one claims to be strong, he will soon meet someone who is stronger. A tree, such as sapling, can withstand a strong wind when it is soft and flexible but may be toppled or broken after it becomes old and brittle. The same
+principle also applies to human beings.
+==F. Respect of elders==
+As son respects parents, younger brother respects older brother, man must always respect his elders or seniors. This is the beauty of mankind, and one of the distinctions between human and animal
+Mencius said there are three things of value in human society; position, age((text adjusted per pg 31 of the condensed encyclopedia, original text was: honor)) and moral integrity. In government, position is considered important, in a community, age((text adjusted per pg 31 of the condensed encyclopedia, original text was: honor)), and for a leader or advisor, moral integrity. Indeed, there can be no children without parents, nor a young generation without the old generation. A society and a nation could not avoid chaos without its culture and social order being based on respect for the knowledge and the wisdom of its elders.
+==G. Respect the rights of others==
+To criticize someone who is better, to covet other's possessions and to steal the merits of others are the marks of an unscrupulous man. Mother nature does make claims to her domain, yet all creatures within it acknowledge her
+eternal accomplishments. To help others develop and succeed in life is a reward in itself and has a true value only if nothing is expected in return.
+Throughout human history, people who in jealousy have stolen the recognition due to others and have stolen their possessions out of avarice have always left dark imprints of shame and dishonor.
+==H. Be just==
+To be correct and forthright is to live one's life correctly. Old sages used to say; "To common men, life is most valuable, and death, most fearful." However, a righteous man would value justice above life itself and would be
+willing to die rather than submit to injustice. Such notable figures as Baek-E-Sook-Je of China, Sung-Sam-Moon of Korea and Yoshida-Shoing of Japan all chose death in defiance of injustice, leaving to their posterity lasting
+examples.
+Baek-E-Sook-Je lived in Chou period about 2,000 B.C. When King Moo toppled the twenty seventh King, who was a very notorious tyrant, he refused to serve the new King, who usurped the throne by force and not by legitimate
+process; he eventually starved to death in a self-imposed exile in the Sooyang mountains
+Sung-Sam-Moon was an important minister of the King Se Jong, inventer of Han-Gul (Korean alphabet) in the 14th century. After the king died and the young Dan Jong became king his uncle Se-Jo conspired against the boy king and took over the throne. Minister Sung was later executed because of his persistent protest over the unlawful act of King Se-Jo. Yoshida-Shoing, one of the loyalists was also executed in protest when the Doku-Kawa military government, at the time, tried to abolish the Mei-Ji monarchy.
+==I. Be frugal==
+Since ancient times, excessive luxury and pleasure caused the downfall of many kings and nations without exception and history is full of such examples. Persons in leadership in particular must learn to be frugal and live moderately. As the old adage goes "if the water is muddy upstream so it will be downstream."
+An extravagant leader will affect his subordinates in this same way and will bring more hardship to his subjects through increased taxation and bribery. During the Lee Dynasty of Korea, the king's roving inspector, Lee-Mong-
+Yong, while travelling((typo corrected per pg 31 of the condensed encyclopedia)) the countryside incognito, was invited to one of the lavish dinner parties of a notorious governor. In the middle of the feast, he recited his famous poem:
+  The sweet wine you drink from the glittering cups
+  Flows from the tears of people who toil
+  The tender meat which fills the dishes of jades is torn from their aching flesh
+  Merrier you laugh, sadder they will weep
+  Louder you sing, more plaintive their lament.
+The governor and his cohorts recognizing the true identity of the poet, became frightened and fled from the scene. Remember that there are tears and heartaches of many behind one man's pleasure.
+==J. Be discreet==
+In every thing he does, a person must not be impulsive or reckless but be patient and thoughtful. "He who acts without thinking at least three times, will later regret his action," warns an old proverb.
+Accordingly, on a matter of an important appointment or punishment, one must not decide hastily but must deliberate to reach a decision that is both fair and objective.
+==K. Know true happiness==
+{{ :volume01:v0100057.jpg?nolink|Educate the Young to produce heroic leaders}}
+Lao-Tzu pointed out that nature was based upon harmony in contrasts. For example, the universe was made up of two forces, Yin (female) and Yang (male). Other contrasts were hard and soft, long and short, night and day, solid and
+empty, cold and warm, big and small, beautiful and ugly.
+All things in this world are relative to one another. Misery can only come from having been happy once and sorrow from joy. The wealthy and the powerful are not necessarily happy. For every rich person, there are countless poor and for each tyrant, a nation of oppressed. Mencius defined life's three happinesses as follows:
+  - Healthy parents and harmony within the family.
+  - To live with pride and honor through correct behavior.
+  - To educate the young to become upright and useful members of society.
+==L. Let your actions speak for yourself==
+Even the ablest orator is apt to err if given to verbiage. A closed mouth can save a fish from the hook as well as stay secrets from the enemy. To speak only what is meaningful is a sign of a cultivated person. People talk mostly to brag about themselves or to gain advantage over others.
+A man of virtue expresses himself more through deeds than words. Thus, he influences others through living examples. In the old days, the truly effective way to teach was believed to be by the actions not by the words of the teacher.
+==M. Develop peace of mind==
+{{ :volume01:v0100058.jpg?nolink|Movement in tranquility}}
+A clear pond becomes muddy if agitated and then returns to its original state when allowed to settle undisturbed.
+It is said that calm will be able to conquer the heat. Undoubtedly you can endure the hottest summer heat if you sit calm and composed. Conversely, if you move too much in order to warm your freezing body you may get temporary
+relief, but it does not last too long.
+We can attain peace of mind through meditation, by emptying our minds of all petty thoughts and returning to the natural state of man. Unlike in Buddhism or Zen, meditation in Taekwon-Do does not mean a total divorce from
+the world, like a dead body, but rather an active moment to reflect on our past mistakes in silence and in the privacy of our thoughts, and through penitence, to continue our self-improvement toward becoming better men or women.
+This active thought process in silence is called “Jung-Joong-Dong”.
+==N. Be of firm mind==
+{{ :volume01:v0100059.jpg?nolink|Broad and deep Ki (spirit)}}
+A person of strong conviction is unsuspicious and unafraid. When proved wrong, he has the moral strength to admit his mistakes to even the most humble and has the courage to stand up to the mighty if he believes himself to be right in all matters.((Sentence modified per pg 32 of the condensed encyclopedia, original sentence finished: or herself to be right.))
+Strong conviction can be gained through the broad and deep "Ki" —spirit. Ki is a form of active energy which fills every physical cell and organ while "Chi"—will is the motivating force: the former moves and the latter leads. If "Ki" is nurtured with great care and allowed to grow based on humanity and justice, its soaring power and outreaching strength can fill the heaven and earth, enabling man to reach a new height of great achievements, so Mencius exhorted his disciples.
+On a more practical level "Ki" helps us to keep our minds clear and alert when the affairs of life become strained and confused, or sees us through sleepless nights when our loved one is gravely ill.
+==O. Be devoted==
+As meditation is to the religious, concentration and devotion is to the artist, and perseverance is to the labourer, so is moral culture to the practitioner of the martial arts. In other words a person's unflinching dedication to his own interest and duty is the source of life and power. Cultivation of mind, therefore, is no monopoly of any particular person.
+In fact the sincerity and effort definitely produce the belief and the belief makes one able to reach the final goal.
+Moral culture is considered to be a cultivating movement to make one devote oneself to his work, whatever it might be, until his life and work become one.
+|  III  |
+In summary, we can enjoy a greater freedom of action by preserving our basic nature while making ourselves impervious to the temptation of power, money and sex. A person who has attained this stage of self-cultivation is
+sometimes called a "Saint."
+It must indeed seem like an impossible undertaking to a mere mortal. A mountain crossing begins with a single bold step and an ocean begins with each small stream.
+As ancient proverbs say: "Where there is a will there is a way." "One should not look afar, when the way is right in front of you." "Even heaven can be moved if one devotes himself to his cause."
+With a strong will and firm determination, it is within the reach of anyone who is willing to make the effort.
+{{ :volume01:v0100060-01.jpg?nolink |Way is right in front of you.}}
+{{ :volume01:v0100060-02.jpg?nolink |Absolute sincerity moves the heavens}}
+{{ :volume01:v0100061.jpg?nolink |Whole life is devoted to Taekwon-Do}}
+This moral culture is uniquely tied in with Taekwon-Do, not only for the eventual attainment of the highest goals in Taekwon-Do and the promotion of power, technique, and self-confidence, but also for the cultivation of character. Without this, the instructor would be guilty of imparting a devastating force to those who could eventually become so enamored of their newly found techniques they might very easily become bullies or use this knowledge as a means to achieve their personal ambitions.
+Most Taekwon-Do masters and instructors are more apt to put emphasis on this aspect of training rather than some of the more sensational training guides of running over rocky seashores, beating the fists against pebbles or thrusting them into boiling water, attempting to stop a bird in mid-flight, and so forth.
+There are also a number of obligations the serious student must fulfill, and the following steps have been taken by each Taekwon-Do school under the International Taekwon-Do Federation to maintain the high standards of instructors and students.
+  - A close scrutiny must be made of the mental makeup and background of applicants before their admission to the do jang or school.
+  - Orientation to patriotism, obedience, behavior, practices, discipline, and humility must be undertaken.
+  - Personal morals, sincerity, as well as techniques should be taken into consideration upon awarding the higher ranks.
+  - Higher ranks who are found fighting should be punished by the local Taekwon-Do Association.
+  - All black belts must register with the local Taekwon-Do Association and International Taekwon-Do Federation.
+During training the student should constantly develop mental and physical discipline, and the following activities should be considered an integral part of this training.
+==TRAVEL (YO HAENG):==
+Patriotism can be gained by traveling to noted or historical areas. An American student once remarked after visiting Gettysburg and the site of General Pickett's famous charge: "The fighting spirit and courage they possessed to attempt to conquer an unconquerable position must have come from a loyalty all officers would like to achieve." Students should seek out these monuments, study and attempt to learn from them.
+{{ :volume01:v0100063-01.jpg?nolink |}}
+{{ :volume01:v0100063-02.jpg?nolink |}}
+==MOUNTAIN CLIMBING (DUNG SAN):==
+This form of exercise not only develops important leg muscles, but also nourishes the spirit and promotes a feeling of victory and triumph, as illustrated in the well known Korean poem; "No matter how high the mountain is, it can
+be compared to a small tomb under the heaven. There is no reason why man cannot succeed if he desires to climb it. All too often, however, one claims it is too high to climb without even making the attempt."
+{{ :volume01:v0100064-01.jpg?nolink |}}
+{{ :volume01:v0100064-02.jpg?nolink |}}
+==COLD SHOWERS AND BATHS (NAENGSOO MACHAL):==
+{{ :volume01:v0100065-01.jpg?nolink|}}
+By taking cold showers and baths or exercising on snow-covered ground in bare feet, students build tenacity and pride.
+{{ :volume01:v0100065-02.jpg?nolink |}}
+==PUBLIC SERVICE (SAHWE BONGSA):==
+By contributing labor to the community, especially to the poor or disabled, the student learns charity, humility, comradeship, tolerance, and sence of generosity.((added last word to sentence per text in the condensed encyclopedia pg 35))
+{{ :volume01:v0100066.jpg?nolink |}}
+==ETIQUETTE (YE JOL):==
+A high degree of etiquette should be observed by students, both inside and outside the do jang. This should be applied by lower ranking students to senior students while training, by higher ranking students to elder students
+outside of the training hall (do jang), and by all students when visiting another do jang. In all cases, emphasis should be placed on correct and proper salutation. It is a form of respect and courtesy in Western as well as Oriental societies.
+It is indeed poor taste for a black belt to slight a beginning white belt who might very well be the instructor's senior in both age and station. Students visiting other do jangs, whether they be Taekwon-Do or other martial arts,
+must pay proper respect and observe the traits of modesty and courtesy at all times.
+{{ :volume01:v0100067.jpg?nolink |}}
+----
+{{:volume01:v0100068.jpg?nolink |}}
+Man should attempt to dwell in the largest mansion in the world, stand on the correct place and walk on the broadest street.
+(Man's most comfortable and secure dwelling is his own virtuous mind. He should always stand on the side of justice and live honestly and fairly).